4. For low gas prices (~15€/MWh) there is a substantial competitiveness window for blue hydrogen, if produced with >90% CO2 capture and <1% methane leakage. Direct cost parity reached ~2045, yet green hydrogen might have a competitive edge before 2045 due to slightly higher blue h2 emissions. 7/9

Finally, low methane leakage rates are technically possible (see e.g. Norway); yet, policy makers need to take a life-cycle GHG perspective and price or regulate upstream methane and CO2 emissions when importing blue hydrogen&ammonia. Uncertainty & monitoring challenges will need to be resolved 8/9