(1) the term “Filipino” was originally reserved for “full-blooded Spaniards” born in The Philippines, the only colony in Asia that was administered by the viceroyalty of New Spain, whose power was mostly located in what is now southern or central Mexico.

(2) almost four decades before Rizal’s birth, an insulares with radical ideas after studying in Paris during the French Revolution named Manuel Luis Rodriguez-Valera was exiled by colonial officials. He was colloquially called “El Conde Filipino” (“The Philippine Count”)