Chuck Lorre is responsible for a lot of the best and worst sitcoms on television, and also a lot of the best and worst vanity cards, all of which he archives on his website in case you didn't have time to read them.
Actual Nobel prize winners hand out the Ig Nobel prizes each year. One person, Andre Geim, has one of each -- one for studying the inherent magnetic properties of frogs and the other for studying the inherent magnetic properties of graphene. Which was which is left as an exercise for the reader.
K is more common than J, X, Q and Z and less common than the common letters, so it's worth 5.
Florence Nightingale basically invented modern nursing and also, somewhat unexpectedly, infographics.
Pura Vida is like the Costa Rican version of Hakuna Matata.