"Springer Nature made the most revenue from OA ($589.7 million), followed by Elsevier ($221.4 million), Wiley ($114.3 million), Taylor & Francis ($76.8 million), and Sage ($31.6 million)." direct.mit.edu/qss/article/...

The oligopoly’s shift to open access: How the big five academic publishers profit from article processing charges

Abstract. We aim to estimate the total amount of article processing charges (APCs) paid to publish open access (OA) in journals controlled by the five large commercial publishers (Elsevier, Sage, Spri...

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If the estimates of Butler et al. are anywhere close to accurate, then Springer's annual revenue from author publishing charges substantially exceeds NSF's annual allocated support to the social, behavioral, and economic sciences ($320 million is requested in FY25): new.nsf.gov/about/budget...

FY 2025 Budget Request to Congress