But perhaps the most concerning rumors are ones that are emerging from real confusion about how people will be able to cast their ballots as well as efforts by election officials to adapt their processes after the storm. Initial confusion may spark organic rumors and be exploited for disinformation.

We also expect a second wave of rumors (around and after election day) to seize upon changes that election officials made to facilitate voting (e.g. in some places, photo ID rules have been loosened b/c people have lost IDs) and claim that those changes signal untrustworthy results or fraud.