We explain the role of sex chromosomes in gonadal development, and their hormone-independent effects incl: i) sex-biased gene expression (Y-linked genes, X-escapees) & ii) effects on cellular environment (eg. repressor complexes involved in X-inactivation). We discuss chr complements beyond XX/XY.

We discuss epigenetic mechanisms that can be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain (look at this beautiful chromatin image by Maria Tickerhoof!). We describe what's know about epigenetic regulation of the brain by gonadal hormones, sex chromosomes & environmental factors throughout life.