We highlight however that current understanding is somewhat limited by a lack of scale in past work - evidence is piecemeal, dominated by single-patient case studies, and often does not feature sampling sufficient to conclusively rule out or rule in evolutionary mechanisms 4/7

We finish by making the case that clinical trials of antimicrobials hold underutilised potential for understanding within-patient emergence of AMR - offering an ideal setting for developing a quantitative understanding of how resistance emerges during therapy 5/7