Lasty, the consistent threat of volcanoes, esp large eruptions (1 in 6 per century) that pose global catastrophic risks, means the question of whether we can intervene will keep arising. We support a proactive and informed debate before society tries anything in an emergency.

There are many ethical considerations, such as uncertainty, justice and equality, risk communication, acts-omission asymmetry, biodiverity, miltary uses, safety, culture and governance we all cover in the paper. shorturl.at/DXYZ5 e.g.