Such collective punishments included denial of educational opportunities, effective bans on public sector employment (in the military, civil service & public institutions 事业单位), and suspension of social security benefits. 5/

Per the LAC, being responsible solely for one's own crimes is "one of the fundamental principles of modern rule of law." The local policies were thus inconsistent with the "principles and spirits" of Chapter II of the Constitution on “citizens’ fundamental rights and duties.” 6/