4/ In May 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Commission proposed its REPowerEU plan to reduce dependency on Russian fossil fuel. In February 2023, REPowerEU was formally adopted and integrated into the RRF: eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023...

5/ REPowerEU made some fundamental changes to the RRF. Crucially, member states can submit a new REPowerEU chapter amending their NRRPs to include new reforms and investments relating to the REPowerEU objectives and request a top-up.