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Robert Stewart
@robertstewart.io
Minnesotan in Maryland via Owatonna, St Paul, & UMN Asst Prof at UMD Criminology (criminal records, collateral consequences, civic engagement, public policy, data) "Funny here and there," according to one student robertstewart.io
189 followers638 following226 posts
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But first, I'm grateful to have been able to contribute to this work alongside the incomparable team of @chrisuggen.bsky.social@sarahksshannon.bsky.social (UGA), and Molly Hauf (Hamline) with support from Olivia Nesgoda (Hamline) and Caleigh Lueder (UMN).

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States have moved toward more narrow disenfranchising restrictions over the last ten years, resulting in a significant decrease in the disenfranchised population over time. As in previous years, a plurality of the disenfranchised population are post-sentence.

Table 1. State Felony Disenfranchisement Restrictions in 2024 This table categorizes U.S. states based on felony disenfranchisement restrictions into four groups: No restrictions (2 states): Maine Vermont Prison only (23 states): California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Washington Prison, parole, & probation (15 states): Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin Prison, parole, probation, & post-sentence (10 states): Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, Wyoming
Figure 5. Number Disenfranchised for Selected Years, 1960–2024 This line graph shows the trend in the number of disenfranchised people (in millions) in the United States over selected years from 1960 to 2024: 1960: 1,762,582 1980: 1,176,254 1996: 3,342,586 2004: 4,550,615 2008: 5,096,172 2012: 5,650,505 2016: 5,884,215 (peak) 2020: 4,993,476 2022: 4,399,983 2024: 4,049,978 The graph shows a general increase in disenfranchised individuals, peaking in 2016, followed by a decline in recent years.
Figure 1. Disenfranchisement Distribution by Correctional Status, 2024 This pie chart displays the percentage distribution of disenfranchised individuals in 2024 by correctional status: Post-sentence: 40% Prison: 26% Felony probation: 25% Parole: 7% Jail: 3%
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Robert Stewart
@robertstewart.io
Minnesotan in Maryland via Owatonna, St Paul, & UMN Asst Prof at UMD Criminology (criminal records, collateral consequences, civic engagement, public policy, data) "Funny here and there," according to one student robertstewart.io
189 followers638 following226 posts
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