IPA also offers possibilities to distinguish between protruded and compressed rounding. #langskyen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounded...

But still Sámi borrows with affricates even later. There is a link in the PP to a paper of Aikio with examples of that.

For what it’s worth there is also another category, which is better reconcilable with Sievers’ law: rasia ’boxlet’ < racia < *rancia (< *rantia) <- *randia > Swedish dialect rände The word ”asia” in the PP belongs here. These could reflect later borrowings with Sievers’ law taken effect.

The problem is the affricates in *kaććo-, *oćća, *raććas and *vićća i.e. [kattɕo] etc. It would take two steps and the intermediate step **ka(t)tjo etc. would have an impossible cluster in Middle Proto-Finnic. This phonotactic constraint explains the substitution directly with the affricate.

It is difficult to explain this data otherwise, yes. I know this is a difficult conclusion.

Maybe the sea was too far away from the West Uralic speech area to have its own word. ”järvi” is possibly a loanword too kaino.kotus.fi/ses/?p=qs-ar...

järvi - Suomen etymologinen sanakirja

järvi - Suomen etymologinen sanakirja

I was invited to give a talk on Ancient Scandinavian and earlier Germanic Loanwords in Finnic. Words like kuningas, äiti, joulu, lammas and rengas and hundreds more like them. Here are the slides: #langskywww.researchgate.net/publication/...

(PDF) Ancient Scandinavian and earlier Germanic Loanwords in Finnic

PDF | Ancient Scandinavian and earlier Germanic loanwords in Finnic | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

Finnish lammas (older *lambas/lampaza-) is borrowed from Proto-Germanic *lambaz/lambiz-).

4. There is no continuity of “Sievers’ law” from Proto-Indo-European to Palaeo-Scandinavian 5. The precursory period of “allophonic” or “sub-phonemic” umlaut was very short. #langsky

2bis. There must have been a few centuries between Proto-Germanic proper and runic Palaeo-Scandinavian to accommodate the Finnic (and Sámi) sound changes. 3. Proto-Germanic developed from Proto-Indo-European in Scandinavia/Baltic Sea Region. (continue reading👇🏻)