In reality, local govs use some mix of all 3 in their IZ programs. Sometimes the calibration seems to work, others it’s still detrimental to housing development. When Seattle upzoned but added IZ, the IZ cost outweighed the upzoning benefits and actually discouraged development

I think this is a pretty helpful framework for thinking about inclusionary zoning’s potential costs and benefits, and the role of policy design in shaping them. In the second part of this series, I’ll be analyzing IZ in Minneapolis, which is surprisingly under-discussed!