For race, the density-inequality relationship is primarily among workers with high-incomes, while for gender it is among women and men with low incomes. For gender, I also find density is only related to gender inequality among workers who have children, suggesting that managing childcare

(which disproportionately falls on women) and a career in denser cities is particularly onerous. What explains these relationships? Other research points at ways in which the congestion costs of density may be primarily borne by women and non-White workers. Similarly, I show that the relationship